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      <header alignment="Center" color="#a9a9a9">&amp;[DATE] &amp;[TIME] - &amp;[FILENAME]</header>
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  <region id="0" left="18" top="18" width="374" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p bold="true">Absoluttemperatur, Temperaturdifferenz</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p bold="true">Absolute temperature, temperature difference</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="1" left="522" top="18" width="176" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p href="Chapter Units.sm">Maßeinheiten</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p href="Chapter Units.sm">Units of Measurement</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="2" left="522" top="36" width="78" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p href="contents.sm">Inhalt</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p href="contents.sm">Contents</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="3" left="18" top="72" width="698" height="56" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Wenn Sie stets Kelvin (K) für Temperaturen und Temperaturänderungen benutzen, müssen Sie nicht weiter lesen, Sie werden damit zurechtkommen.</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>If you always specify temperatures and changes or differences of temperature usingKelvin (K), then there is no need to read the details below, you will always be safewith SMath Studio. </p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="4" left="18" top="144" width="683" height="56" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Häufig wird jedoch °C sowohl für die thermodynamische Temperatur als auch für derenÄnderung oder Differenzen solcher Temperaturen verwendet. Allerdings erfordern beide Fälle eine unterschiedliche Umrechnung zwischen °C und K:</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>However, frequently °C is used both for the thermodynamic temperature (a quantityof state) as well as for changes or differences of temperatures (change of state).Yet each of these cases require a different transformation from °C to K.</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="5" left="18" top="207" width="291" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Thermodynamische Temperatur</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>State (thermodynamic temperature):</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="6" left="315" top="207" width="297" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>0°C = 273,15 K   und 0 K = -273,15°C</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>0°C = 273,15 K   and 0 K = -273,15°C</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="7" left="18" top="234" width="310" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Temperaturänderungen</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>Change or difference of temperature: </p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="8" left="351" top="234" width="85" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>1°C = 1 K</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="9" left="18" top="261" width="699" height="56" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>SMath Studio speichert Größen stets in Kelvin. Wenn die Werte in °C gegeben sind, muss SMath wissen, welche der beiden Umrechnungen anzuwenden ist. Gleiches gilt für die Anzeige von Ergebnissen in °C.</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>SMath Studio always converts temperature units to K before storing values. If valuesare given in °C, SMath has to guess which conversion to apply (state or change of state). The same applies if a result is to be displayed in °C.</p>
    </text>
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  <region id="10" left="18" top="324" width="667" height="56" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Der Anwender muss also irgenwie sein Wissen um den physikalischen Kontext weitergeben, also mitteilen, ob mit °C eine Temperatur oder eine Temperaturänderung gemeint ist. </p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>To resolve this problem, the user somehow must convey his knowledge of physicalcontext to SMath. You might for instance, assign an appropriate attribute to thevariable or the expression to be stored or displayed.</p>
    </text>
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    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Der Autor von SMath hat dafür einen Weg gewählt, der schon von MathCAD her bekannt ist:Wenn eine Temperaturänderung gemeint ist, wird die Einheit °C (oder °F oder °Re) durch ein vorangestelltes Δ markiert. Wenn man das mal verstanden hat, ist es eigentlichganz einfach und elegant, für den Anfänger liegt es aber nicht auf der Hand.</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>The author of SMath Studio adopted an approach known from MathCAD: to convey the information by attaching a Δ tag to °C for changes of state.Once you are aware of the issue, this is pretty elegant. Yet it is not obvious tonew users and sometimes confuses them.</p>
    </text>
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    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Temperatur (nicht mit Δ markiert)</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>State (no Δ tag) </p>
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        <e type="operand">293.15</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
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      <p>Temperatur + Änderung = Temperatur (zweiter Summand mit Δ markiert)</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>State + change of stategives a state(Δ tag in the second summand)</p>
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        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operand">20</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
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        <e type="operand">30</e>
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    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Die roten Beispielezeigen, was passiert,wenn man den Unterschiedzwischen Temperatur und Temperaturänderungignoriert.</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>The red examples showwhat happens if you ignore the difference.</p>
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        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operand">20</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">Δ°C</e>
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      <input>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
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    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Temperatur - Temperatur =Temperaturänderung(Ergebnis mit Δ markiert)</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>State - state gives a change of state(Δ tag in the result)</p>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
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      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="1">-</e>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
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    <math>
      <input>
        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operand">20</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
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  <region id="24" left="18" top="720" width="668" height="56" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Nicht nur Kelvin, sondern auch °Ra (Grad Rankine) hat am thermodynamischen Nullpunkt den Zahlenwert Null. Solche Einheiten heißen "absolut" und können gleichermaßen für Temperaturen und Temperaturdifferenzen verwendet werden.</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>Not only K but also °Ra (degree Rankine) have their zero at thermodynamic zero.These units are called "absolute". They can be equally used for state and changeof state. </p>
    </text>
  </region>
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    <math>
      <input>
        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operand">200</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">+</e>
      </input>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">210</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </result>
    </math>
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    <math decimalPlaces="4">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">1</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°Ra</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </input>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">0.5556</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </result>
    </math>
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    <math>
      <input>
        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°Ra</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operand">200</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°Ra</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">+</e>
      </input>
      <contract>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°Ra</e>
      </contract>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">210</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="28" left="18" top="846" width="621" height="40" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Einheiten mit einer Nullpunktverschiebung heißen "nicht-absolut". Bei diesen istdie Unterscheidung und gegebenenfalls Markierung mit Δ in SMath nötig.</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>Units with an offset of the zero point from thermodynamic zero, are called "non-absolute". For them the tagging issue applies. </p>
    </text>
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        <e type="operand">0</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </input>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">273.15</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </result>
    </math>
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    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Grad Celsius</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>degree Celsius</p>
    </text>
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    <math decimalPlaces="4">
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        <e type="operand">0</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°F</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
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      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">255.3722</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
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    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Grad Fahrenheit</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>degree Fahrenheit</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="33" left="54" top="954" width="134" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="4">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">0</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°Re</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </input>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">273.15</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="34" left="252" top="954" width="118" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Grad Reamur</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>degree Reamur</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="35" left="54" top="981" width="119" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p underline="true">absoluter Nullpunkt auf der Skale</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p underline="true">absolute zero</p>
    </text>
  </region>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </input>
      <contract>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
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      <result action="numeric">
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        <e type="operator" args="1">-</e>
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        <e type="operand">0</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">°F</e>
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      <result action="numeric">
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        <e type="operand">0</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">°Re</e>
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    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Temperaturdifferenzen müssen mit dem Δ markiert werden:</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>Units of change have the Δ tag:</p>
    </text>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">Δ°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
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        <e type="operand">1</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
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        <e type="operand" style="unit">Δ°F</e>
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      </input>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">0.5556</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="43" left="252" top="1161" width="132" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="4">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">1</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operand">0</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">-</e>
      </input>
      <contract>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">Δ°C</e>
      </contract>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">1</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="44" left="54" top="1179" width="98" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="4">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">1</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">Δ°F</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </input>
      <contract>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°Ra</e>
      </contract>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">1</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="45" left="252" top="1188" width="168" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="4">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">1</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°F</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operand">0</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°F</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">-</e>
      </input>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">0.5556</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="46" left="54" top="1206" width="126" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="4">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">1</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">Δ°Re</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </input>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">1.25</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="47" left="252" top="1215" width="132" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="4">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">1</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°F</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operand">0</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°F</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">-</e>
      </input>
      <contract>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°Ra</e>
      </contract>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">1</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="48" left="252" top="1242" width="132" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="4">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">1</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°F</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operand">0</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°F</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">-</e>
      </input>
      <contract>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">Δ°F</e>
      </contract>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">1</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="49" left="252" top="1269" width="156" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="4">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">1</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°Re</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operand">0</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°Re</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">-</e>
      </input>
      <contract>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">Δ°Re</e>
      </contract>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">1</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="50" top="1296" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff">
    <area collapsed="false">
      <title lang="ger">
        <p>Trick zur Vermeidung der Markierung mit Δ</p>
      </title>
      <title lang="eng">
        <p>Workaround to avoid tagging</p>
      </title>
    </area>
    <region id="51" left="9" top="1323" width="655" height="56" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
      <text lang="ger">
        <p>Man kann die Markierung mit Δ auch vermeiden, indem man eine eigene °C-Einheit verwendet. Dann verzichtet man auf die Möglichkeit der Umrechnung in Kelvin.Aber ohne Umrechnung auch keine Kennzeichnungspflicht.</p>
      </text>
      <text lang="eng">
        <p>There is actually a way to use °C without need for tagging. You define your own °C as a user unit. The price you pay is that you can't convert to and from Kelvin.Once you never do that conversion, tagging is not needed.</p>
      </text>
    </region>
    <region id="52" left="9" top="1386" width="665" height="56" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
      <text lang="eng">
        <p>Die Maßeinheit muss nicht extra definiert werden, jede undefinierte symbolische Variable tut es. Hier wurde die Variable °C verwendet (ohne das ' am Anfang,welches intern Maßeinheiten kennzeichnet)</p>
      </text>
    </region>
    <region id="53" left="45" top="1440" width="164" height="24" color="#400040" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
      <math decimalPlaces="4">
        <input>
          <e type="operand">10</e>
          <e type="operand">°C</e>
          <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
          <e type="operand">20</e>
          <e type="operand">°C</e>
          <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
          <e type="operator" args="2">+</e>
        </input>
        <contract>
          <e type="operand">°C</e>
        </contract>
        <result action="numeric">
          <e type="operand">30</e>
        </result>
      </math>
    </region>
    <region id="54" left="45" top="1467" width="174" height="24" color="#400040" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
      <math decimalPlaces="4">
        <input>
          <e type="operand">10</e>
          <e type="operand">°C</e>
          <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
          <e type="operand">20</e>
          <e type="operand">°C</e>
          <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
          <e type="operator" args="2">-</e>
        </input>
        <contract>
          <e type="operand">°C</e>
        </contract>
        <result action="numeric">
          <e type="operand">10</e>
          <e type="operator" args="1">-</e>
        </result>
      </math>
    </region>
    <region id="55" top="1494" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff">
      <area terminator="true" />
    </region>
  </region>
  <region id="56" left="18" top="1512" width="422" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p underline="true">Negative Temperaturwerte auf nichtabsoluten Skalen</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p underline="true">negative temperature values on non-absolute scales</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="57" left="18" top="1548" width="158" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="2">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="1">-</e>
      </input>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">283.15</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="1">-</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="58" left="189" top="1548" width="146" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="4">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
        <e type="operator" args="1">-</e>
      </input>
      <contract>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
      </contract>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">556.3</e>
        <e type="operator" args="1">-</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="59" left="351" top="1548" width="378" height="88" border="true" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>In SMath wird das Vorzeichen wie normaleStrichrechnung behandelt. Da Punktrechnung vor Strichrechnung geht,wird erst 10 °C = 283,15 K ausgewertet und dann das Vorzeichen berücksichtigt.</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>In SMath, the unary minus (sign) has thesame priority as the binary plus or minus.They have lower priority than * and /,thus first 10 °C = 283,15 K is evaluated and'then the unary minus is applied.</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="60" left="18" top="1575" width="310" height="56" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p>Um das Problem zu vermeiden, müssen Zahlenwert und Vorzeichen in Klammerngesetzt werden.</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p>In order to get this right, you must enclose the number and the sign in parens.</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="61" left="18" top="1638" width="146" height="26" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="2">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operator" args="1">-</e>
        <e type="bracket">(</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </input>
      <contract>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">K</e>
      </contract>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">263.15</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="62" left="189" top="1638" width="134" height="26" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <math decimalPlaces="2">
      <input>
        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operator" args="1">-</e>
        <e type="bracket">(</e>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
        <e type="operator" args="2">*</e>
      </input>
      <contract>
        <e type="operand" style="unit">°C</e>
      </contract>
      <result action="numeric">
        <e type="operand">10</e>
        <e type="operator" args="1">-</e>
      </result>
    </math>
  </region>
  <region id="63" left="18" top="1683" width="176" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p href="Chapter Units.sm">Maßeinheiten</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p href="Chapter Units.sm">Units of Measurement</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="64" left="18" top="1701" width="78" height="24" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p href="contents.sm">Inhalt</p>
    </text>
    <text lang="eng">
      <p href="contents.sm">Contents</p>
    </text>
  </region>
  <region id="65" left="18" top="1737" width="441" height="40" color="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff" fontSize="10">
    <text lang="ger">
      <p italic="true">$Author: mkraska $$Date: 2017-01-02 00:20:34 +0100 (Mo, 02 Jan 2017) $ </p>
    </text>
  </region>
</regions>